Parser: fix exponential parse time on table-factor paren chains

[moshap-firebolt]

parse_table_factor speculatively parses (...) as a derived table; on
failure it rewinds and falls through to parse_table_and_joins, which
recurses back into parse_table_factor and re-attempts the same
speculative parse at every deeper paren. Both arms walk the remaining
chain, so on inputs like SELECT 1 FROM ((((... work doubles per level.
Caching the position at which the speculative arm failed short-circuits
the second descent.

Measured on GenericDialect with with_recursion_limit(256), release
build:

N	Before	After
10	20 ms	57 us
20	820 ms	119 us
25	2.8 s	281 us
30	7.9 s	345 us

Cherry-picked upstream as apache#2372 (against apache:main). Merging here so PackDB can pick the fix up while upstream review lands.

---

Note

Medium Risk
Touches core SQL FROM/join parsing with speculative-parse behavior; change is narrow (failure memoization only) but affects a hot, recursive path.

Overview
Fixes exponential parse time on malformed FROM inputs with long unclosed parenthesis chains (e.g. SELECT 1 FROM ((((...), where parse_table_factor repeatedly tried the derived-table path and the nested-join fallback on the same token positions.

Adds a failed_derived_table_factor_positions cache on Parser (cleared when tokens reset). Before calling parse_derived_table_factor, the parser skips positions already known to fail and records new failures so the nested-join path does not re-run the same speculative work.

Includes a timeout regression test and a Criterion benchmark (parse_table_factor_paren_chain) aligned with existing prefix/compound-chain perf benches.

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