ansible: update cargo/rustc on Ubuntu 24.04

[richardlau]

Refs: #4265

---

Deployment

• test-azure-ubuntu2404_docker-arm64-1
• test-azure-ubuntu2404_docker-arm64-2
• test-azure-ubuntu2404_docker-arm64-3
• test-digitalocean-ubuntu2204_docker-x64-1
• test-digitalocean-ubuntu2204_docker-x64-2
• test-digitalocean-ubuntu2404-x64-1
• test-hetzner-ubuntu2404-x64-1
• test-hetzner-ubuntu2404-x64-2
• test-ibm-ubuntu2204_docker-x64-1
• test-ibm-ubuntu2404-x64-1
• test-osuosl-ubuntu2404_docker-arm64-1
• test-rackspace-ubuntu2404-x64-1
• test-rackspace-ubuntu2404-x64-2

[richardlau]

For both Dockerfiles we only really need cargo-1.89/rustc-1.89 but to aid transition (since select-compiler.sh needs to pick one of them) I've left 1.82 in there for removal later.

[richardlau]

Also FTR we have available cargo/rustc

• 1.82 (what we have been using)
• 1.83
• 1.84
• 1.85
• 1.89 (this PR)
• 1.91

#4265 (comment) said we need at least 1.86, #4265 itself asked to go to Rust 1.88, so I've gone for 1.89 as the nearest match.

[richardlau]

FTR I kicked off a v26.x-staging (I'm prepping for the next release) build: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-commit/89163/

• https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-commit-linux/70899/nodes=ubuntu2404-x64/consoleFull

+ make run-ci -j 4 V=1
python3 ./configure --verbose 
19:59:12 Node.js configure: Found Python 3.12.3...
19:59:12 Detected clang C++ compiler (CXX=ccache clang++-19) version: 19.1.1
19:59:12 Detected clang C compiler (CC=ccache clang-19) version: 19.1.1
19:59:12 Detected cargo (CARGO=cargo-1.89): 1.89.0
19:59:12 Detected rustc (RUSTC=rustc-1.89): 1.89.0

• https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-commit-linux-containered/57223/nodes=ubuntu2404_sharedlibs_openssl40_x64/consoleFull

20:00:17 + make run-ci -j 4
20:00:18 python3 ./configure --verbose  --shared-openssl
20:00:20 Node.js configure: Found Python 3.12.3...
20:00:20 Detected clang C++ compiler (CXX=ccache clang++-19) version: 19.1.1
20:00:20 Detected clang C compiler (CC=ccache clang-19) version: 19.1.1
20:00:20 Detected cargo (CARGO=cargo-1.89): 1.89.0
20:00:20 Detected rustc (RUSTC=rustc-1.89): 1.89.0

• https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-commit-arm/64195/nodes=ubuntu2404-arm64/consoleFull

20:00:00 + make run-ci -j 8
20:00:00 python3 ./configure --verbose 
20:00:00 Node.js configure: Found Python 3.12.3...
20:00:00 Detected clang C++ compiler (CXX=ccache clang++-19) version: 19.1.1
20:00:00 Detected clang C compiler (CC=ccache clang-19) version: 19.1.1
20:00:00 Detected cargo (CARGO=cargo-1.89): 1.89.0
20:00:00 Detected rustc (RUSTC=rustc-1.89): 1.89.0